A bi-level model for a closed-loop agricultural supply chain considering biogas and compost

In today’s competitive marketplace, to increase customer satisfaction and profitability, supply chain management has become more prominent. Therefore, thorough planning designing the by seeing all levels units are essential growing efficiency of entire chain. present study, an eight-echelon network is designed for a closed-loop agricultural These eight echelons consisting suppliers, farms, distribution centers (DCs), customers, recycling depots, biogas centers, compost production applicants. To design logistics network, bi-level programming mathematical model presented. The first objective seeks minimize total costs upper-level which consist shipping costs, construction inventory holding buying costs. Besides, second attempts maximize profits lower-level using subtraction incomes from income calculated selling manufactured its Since problems part NP-hard class due computational complexity problems, meta-heuristic algorithms utilized solve formulated problem. this end, two meta-heuristics consisted Genetic Algorithm (GA) Stochastic Fractal Search (SFS) employed. Moreover, hybrid metaheuristics created these include GA-SFS SFS-GA suggested search appropriate solutions. Finally, various comparisons analyses performed evaluate model’s performance capabilities solution methods results showed superiority over other methods. Also, imply that considering can not only prevent environmental pollution, but also lead profitability new products. plan in countries have products do produce fossil fuels be attractive practical.